Port of Samsun

Maritime Risk Context

The Black Sea has become one of the most volatile maritime environments in the world since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Ports like Samsun in Turkey operate within a theater of active naval conflict, where the risk of mine strikes, missile attacks on port infrastructure, and interference with commercial shipping is a daily operational reality. The Joint War Committee has designated extensive portions of the Black Sea as a listed area, and war risk insurance premiums for Black Sea voyages have escalated dramatically.

The conflict has introduced several novel maritime risks. Both Ukraine and Russia have deployed naval mines in the Black Sea, and mine drift from these fields has been detected as far as the Turkish Straits and the Romanian coast. Russia's Black Sea Fleet has attacked Ukrainian port infrastructure with cruise missiles and drones, and commercial grain vessels have been targeted during attempts to export Ukrainian agricultural products. The UN-brokered Black Sea Grain Initiative provided a framework for safe commercial transit during 2022-2023, but its collapse has left commercial operators navigating without a formal de-confliction mechanism. Vessels calling at Samsun must assess the current conflict situation and available corridor guarantees before committing to a Black Sea voyage.

Access to the Black Sea is controlled by Turkey through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits under the Montreux Convention. Turkey's Strait Traffic Service imposes vessel size restrictions, transit scheduling requirements, and periodic closures for weather or security reasons that can cause multi-day delays. The sanctions regime against Russia, imposed by the US, EU, UK, and other jurisdictions, creates a complex compliance landscape for vessels with any exposure to Russian trade, ports, or corporate ownership structures. ArcNautical evaluates sanctions risk by screening vessel ownership chains through GLEIF, cross-referencing against OFAC, UN, and EU lists, and assessing ownership opacity to identify structures commonly associated with sanctions evasion.